![]() 29 Children who met the study criteria for ASD on the basis of their Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised assessments were classified as ASD cases 25 children who had been classified as potential ASD cases on the basis of symptoms or past diagnoses but did not meet the study ASD case criteria were classified as DD with ASD characteristics. 27 Children in the potential ASD group were additionally administered the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 28 and their caregivers were administered the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. All children were administered an in-person general developmental assessment, the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Additionally, children who had a previous ASD diagnosis or special education classification were considered potential ASD cases regardless of their SCQ scores. Children with scores ≥11 were considered potential ASD cases regardless of their initial classification. 25 After enrollment, mothers of all children were administered the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) 26 to screen for ASD symptoms in their child. Although children were initially identified as eligible for 1 of the 3 study groups, final study classification was determined by standardized research developmental assessment results. This analysis included children from all 3 study groups (ASD, DD, and POP) who were not missing data on pica. Because most studies in this review were limited to severe cases of pica resulting in intervention, the total prevalence of pica is likely higher than reported in these studies. In a literature review conducted by Matson et al, 1 pica prevalence estimates in children or adults with ASD and/or ID ranged from 4% to 26% the highest estimates were found in populations that were institutionalized because of their disabilities. Neumeyer et al 23 assessed children with ASD who were treated at 15 Autism Treatment Network sites they reported pica prevalence was 3.0% in children 6 years old. In their prospective population-based cohort study, Emond et al 22 reported that children who were eventually diagnosed with ASD were more likely to have increased pica behavior at 38 and 54 months (12.3% and 12.5%, respectively) than controls (2.3% and 0.7%). 2, 3, 14– 21 In few studies has pica prevalence in individuals with ASD been systematically assessed. Available information is primarily from published case series and reports. These steps will enable the doctor to diagnose pica and its complications and try to ascertain the cause behind it to the maximum probability.However, studies of pica in individuals with ASD and other developmental disabilities (DDs) are limited. Sometimes, imaging or an X-ray may be required to identify what was consumed or to closely observe conditions such as obstructions in the intestines or bowels if any is suspected.The doctor may also conduct a stool test to check for parasitic infections. ![]() Insufficiency of these vitamins or vitamin deficiency might be a cause for eating dirt (or clay) in certain cases. Blood tests check anemia, toxins in the blood, blockages in the intestines, and for iron and zinc deficiency. If any suspected behavior has occurred for one month or more than that, the doctor may order tests, such as blood tests or X-rays to confirm pica.The doctor may specifically want to know about the child’s food habits and the ambiance at home and school to understand the possible triggering factor.They will try to know about the child’s medical history, psychological development, and behavioral issues. ![]()
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